Positioning for Veterinary Dental Radiography

Many disease processes may go undiagnosed without radiography, which provides a useful diagnostic and monitoring tool. Radiography also allows us to plan our extractions or other treatments more carefully.

We have produced a comprehensive guide to dental positioning but here is a handy overview of what you should be aiming to achieve, especially if you’re using a handheld generator.

Required views for Veterinary X-rays

A full mouth series consists of rostral maxillary and mandibular views, right and left maxillary views, and right and left mandibular views.

The rostral maxillary and mandibular views should include the canine teeth.

Maxillary canine teeth are best imaged in separate oblique views to prevent superimposition of the first and second premolars upon the canine tooth roots.

In addition, of course, you may wish to take additional views for specific suspected or confirmed dental abnormalities.

A portable handheld X-ray generator is a great asset to aid you in getting the full set of views, as it gives full flexibility in positioning the tube head.

However, care must be taken to avoid inadvertent radiation exposure, and all local rules for radiography must of course be followed.

Positioning the dog or cat

When placing the sensor in the patient’s mouth, care needs to be taken so that it is not damaged, particularly with more flimsy films or sensors.

This may mean using positioning aids like small rubber-coated dental wedges, modeling clay placed in a plastic bag, or disposable gauze sponges/paper towel sheets.

A towel under the patient’s neck will also help to keep them straight during radiography. The tongue can lie between the sensor/film and the teeth in cats and small dogs, the soft tissue opacity will not interfere with image production.

When taking radiographs, you will need to bear in mind the position of the skull, the placement of the sensor/film, and the position of the tube head.

Broadly speaking, the two most common positioning techniques are the parallel technique and bisecting angles.

The parallel technique is used for the caudal mandibular premolars and molars. The bisecting angle technique is used for all the maxillary teeth and the rostral mandibular teeth.

Parallel technique

Place the patient in lateral recumbency with the relevant side facing upwards. The film/sensor will be placed intraorally on the lingual surface of the teeth. Use a film/sensor positioning aid as necessary to keep the film/sensor in place and as parallel as possible to the tooth of interest.

The film/sensor must cover the entire area of interest, from crown to root. The tube head or x-ray machine is set at a 90-degree angle (perpendicular to the film) to take the image.

Bisecting angle technique

The parallel technique has limited use, and so bisecting angles must be used to get the full set of views. The theory behind this is that the correct angle stops image distortion.

If the x-ray beam is too parallel to the sensor/film, it will make the image elongated (like a low setting sun casting long shadows).

If the image produced is abnormally short, then the beam has been made too perpendicular to the sensor/film (like a high sun at noon making short shadows).

The right angle between the two of these will create an image that is a true representation of the patient’s dental anatomy.  

When obtaining views of the maxillary teeth the patient is placed in sternal recumbency and when the mandibular teeth are imaged the patient is usually in dorsal recumbency.

The sensor/film needs to be intraoral, placed in the area of interest with the patient biting on it.

You will then need to imagine a line running parallel to the sensor film and another that is parallel to the tooth (crown to root). Where these lines intersect, they will form an angle, which you will then need to divide in half. Aim the primary beam perpendicular to this imaginary line, keeping it centered over the tooth of interest.

This should produce a true image of the tooth at the correct height and width.

Tips for imaging specific teeth

Rostral mandibular incisors and canine teeth.

Place the patient in dorsal recumbency and make sure that the palate is parallel to the table. Put the sensor/film between the teeth and tongue using a positioning aid.

Position the tube head 90 degrees, perpendicular to the sensor. In small and medium dogs, it is possible to get the canines in the same image as the incisors. For large dogs, it might be necessary to move the sensor caudally to capture all the roots.

Rostral mandibular premolars

The patient is placed in dorsal recumbency with the skull parallel to the table. The sensor/film will be parallel to the table in the bite between the maxillary and mandibular premolars.

The tube head is aimed perpendicular to the bisecting angle line and centered over the premolars of interest.

Caudal right or left mandibular teeth 

The cat or dog is in lateral recumbency with the side of interest facing upwards, ensuring the skull is parallel to the table.

The sensor/film should be intraoral on the lingual side of the tooth of interest. The sensor/film can be orientated in portrait or landscape. Aim the tube head perpendicular to the tooth of interest and sensor or film.

Rostral maxillary incisors and canine teeth 

The patient needs to be in sternal recumbency with the skull parallel to the table. The film/sensor is placed between the maxillary and mandibular incisors with the help of a positioning aid to hold it in place.

The bisecting angle line is determined with the tube head perpendicular to it centering over the incisors. A 20–30-degree angle is often used which helps prevent superimposition of the maxillary first and second premolars.

Oblique views of the maxillary canine teeth 

With the patient in sternal recumbency, position the skull with padding to ensure it is parallel to the floor. The film/sensor is placed intraorally and caudally towards the opposite arcade. This helps to get the root apex in the shot. You may need a positioning aid to keep it in place.

The tube head is aimed perpendicular to the bisecting angle from a rostrolateral approach (centered over the canine tooth). The tube head should be at a 45-degree angle to the sensor/film, ensuring the sensor/film is large enough to capture the crown and the root.

Right or left maxillary premolars 

The patient should be in sternal recumbency with the sensor film placed beneath the maxillary teeth (so that the patient is biting the sensor/film). Positioning devices might be needed to make sure the sensor/film is kept parallel to the table.

The bisecting angle should be determined with the tube head aimed perpendicular to it. In dogs, the tube head is at a 30-45-degree angle, but cats require a steeper angle of 20-30 degrees due to their zygomatic arch.

Teeth with three roots may require a second view to assess their mesial roots, which can be achieved by moving the tube head rostrally while keeping the bisecting angle the same.

Summary

Hopefully, this guide gives you a few pointers when getting started with dental radiography.

One final parting tip that may be of help is if the image is distorted, check the beam angle. If the image is normal but not all areas of interest are visible, check the plate position.

The Future of Veterinary Imaging: Fluoroscopy Advances

What is Fluoroscopy?

Fluoroscopy is an advanced imaging modality that is widely used in human medicine, although its potential in veterinary medicine is only just starting to be realised1.  Like conventional radiography, fluoroscopy uses X-rays to produce an image, but in this technique, the image is produced as a video in real-time.

This moving image allows for a much greater range of diagnostic tests to be carried out and can also be used for a range of therapeutic interventions. This field is usually referred to as Interventional Radiography. 

Fluoroscopic images are produced by an X-ray generator that produces either a continuous, strobed, or near-continuous, beam of X-rays.

The X-rays are captured by either an image intensifier or, in more modern digital systems, a flat panel detector. Image intensifiers need to be coupled via an optical distributor to a recording or viewing device such as a video camera or screen.

Flat panel detectors are similar to those used in conventional digital radiography (DDR systems) and are connected directly to a computer.

The two main types of fluoroscopy units used in veterinary clinics are portable C-arm units and R&F (radiography and fluoroscopy) rooms.

R&F units are made up of a stationary radiography table with an integrated fluoroscope. The x-ray generator has two separate tube heads, one is used for radiography and one for fluoroscopy.

Portable C-arms are more common in veterinary applications, being used for major surgeries in veterinary hospitals. Unlike an R&F room, a portable c-arm cannot take diagnostic X-rays, only fluoroscopy.

How is fluoroscopy performed?

Depending on the procedure being performed, the patient may be either anesthetized, sedated, or conscious.

In the case of conscious studies, animals are usually restrained within a box where they can easily sit up or lie down, as unlike conventional radiography there is no requirement for them to be perfectly still.

In practice, a change of position is often used to obtain different views and more detailed information. Contrast agents are commonly used to show function e.g. swallowing, or to highlight a particular anatomical area.

In interventional procedures, the patient would routinely be under general anesthetic, and a C-arm fluoroscope is used by the surgeon to visualize part or all of the procedure. 

What are the advantages of fluoroscopy?

The big difference between fluoroscopy and traditional radiography is that fluoroscopic images are dynamic moving images, so can be used to assess the function as well as the structure of the body part being imaged.

This opens up a whole array of possibilities. Images produced by fluoroscopy tend to be less detailed than regular radiographs and, to counter this, contrast media are often used to delineate the required structures.

What conditions can fluoroscopy be used to help diagnose?

Many conditions are best diagnosed via fluoroscopy, where a static radiograph does not allow us to see function and ultrasound techniques don’t allow a large enough field of view or suffer interference from air or bone.

Studies that are commonly carried out may include;

• Swallowing studies: Swallowing studies require the patient to ingest a volume of contrast material, such as barium, and the progress of this can be tracked through the throat and down to the stomach. This technique is considered the gold standard for investigation of the dysphagic patients.

• Esophageal function: Fluoroscopy is useful in the diagnosis of functional and structural esophageal diseases such as megaesophagus and hiatal hernias.

• Tracheal and bronchial collapse: A collapsing trachea may be visible on plain radiographs but is a dynamic condition and can easily be missed. Fluoroscopy is more effective at assessing the presence and degree of airway collapse.

• Functional diaphragm disorders due to injury or disease of the phrenic nerve.

• Localization of thoracic masses: Movement of the mass during normal respiration helps to differentiate peripheral pulmonary and thoracic wall masses.

• Blood vessels can be assessed through angiography. Fluoroscopy allows radio-opaque dyes to be injected accurately into specific vessels, aiding the diagnosis of vascular ring anomalies and allowing procedures, such as mesenteric portography which is used to diagnose portosystemic shunts as well as assess the effectiveness of vessel attenuation at surgery.

• Real-time evaluation of orthopedic implant placement intra-operatively.

• Urinary dysfunction and intervention. Using contrast agents, fluoroscopy allows for easy diagnosis of urinary issues and the effectiveness of catheterizations or other interventions.

What conditions can be treated with the aid of fluoroscopy?

Treatment of conditions with the aid of fluoroscopy is termed Interventional Radiology and in the human field, this is the standard of care for many diseases.

The advantages of using IR as opposed to more traditional therapies include shorter anesthetics, lower perioperative morbidity and mortality, and reduced hospitalization times.

In some cases, conditions that were considered untreatable by other methods can be treated, for example, chemoembolization of unresectable tumors.

Veterinary medicine has some way to go before these techniques are adopted as widely as they are in human medicine.

There are certainly some difficulties and disadvantages in the use of Interventional Radiographic techniques, which include the degree of technical expertise required, specialist equipment needed, and the risk of undesirable radiation exposures to both patients and personnel.

These issues can be reduced greatly with the right training and equipment for the job.

IR techniques that are currently offered to veterinary patients include; 

• Treatment of cardiac and vascular diseases

• Placement of devices within specific blood vessels for transarterial or transvenous embolization of vessels e.g. PDA occlusion, PSS shunt occlusion, or treatment of intractable hemorrhage

• Vascular foreign body retrieval e.g. catheter fragments

• Cardiac interventional procedures such as balloon valvuloplasty for congenital valve stenosis

• Cardiac pacemaker implantation for treatment of arrhythmias

• Pulmonary disease

• Intraluminal tracheal stenting for treatment of tracheal collapse

• Retrieval of tracheobronchial foreign bodies where surgery or endoscopic retrieval are not feasible

• Cyanoacrylate embolization for treatment of recurrent chylothorax

• Aspiration and biopsy of the thoracic wall and pulmonary masses

• Management of neoplasms

• Intra-arterial chemotherapy

• Arterial embolization and chemoembolization to reduce tumor growth

• Palliative stenting of neoplastic obstructions

• Urinary disease

• Urethral and ureteral stenting to overcome obstructions due to stones, strictures, and malignancies

• Urethral catheter placement in cats with urethral rupture

What does the future hold for fluoroscopy

Veterinary fluoroscopy is a developing field of diagnostics.

It seems likely these techniques will become more widely available at both referral and first-opinion veterinary clinics. As expertise in this field progresses, more and more patients can benefit from this technology.  

References

1. Weisse, C. W., Berent, A. C., Todd, K. L., & Solomon, J. A. (2008). Potential applications of interventional radiology in veterinary medicine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 233(10), 1564-1574.

2. Gingold, E. (n.d.). Modern Fluoroscopy Imaging Systems. Image Wisely. https://www.imagewisely.org/Imaging-Modalities/Fluoroscopy/Modern-Imaging-Systems. Accessed 24/01/2024 

3. Shaw, L., & Tudor, D. (2021). Fluoroscopy: Don’t Miss the Show. The Veterinary Nurse, 51–57. 

4. Shalom NE, Gong GX, Auster M. Fluoroscopy: An essential diagnostic modality in the age of high-resolution cross-sectional imaging. World J Radiol. 2020 Oct 28;12(10):213-230.

5. Pollard, R. E., Marks, S. L., Cheney, D. M., & Bonadio, C. M. (2017). Diagnostic outcome of contrast videofluoroscopic swallowing studies in 216 dysphagic dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 58(4), 373-380.

6. Fuentes, V. L., Johnson, L., & Dennis, S. (2010). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiorespiratory Medicine. BSAVA.  

7. Pollard, R. E. (2012). Imaging evaluation of dogs and cats with dysphagia. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012.

8. Bevan, J. M., & Taylor, R. A. (2004). Arthroscopic release of the medial femoropatellar ligament for canine medial patellar luxation. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 40(4), 321-330.

9. Weisse, C. (2015). Veterinary interventional oncology: from concept to clinic. The Veterinary Journal, 205(2), 198-203.

10. Kim, M. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, K. C., & Yoon, H. Y. (2022). The effectiveness of intraoperative mesenteric portography for preventing misdiagnosis of congenital absence of the portal vein in dog with extrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a case report. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 91(3), 267-272.

11. Meurs, K. M., Lehmkuhl, L. B., & Bonagura, J. D. (2005). Survival times in dogs with severe subvalvular aortic stenosis treated with balloon valvuloplasty or atenolol. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 227(3), 420-424.
12. Wess, G., Thomas, W. P., Berger, D. M., & Kittleson, M. D. (2006). Applications, complications, and outcomes of transvenous pacemaker implantation in 105 dogs (1997–2002). Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 20(4), 877-884.

Picking the Perfect Small Animal Ultrasound Probe

Small Animal Veterinary Ultrasound Probes: What To Look For

Ultrasound imaging has become an indispensable tool in modern veterinary medicine. Offering real-time, non-invasive visualization of internal organs and tissues, it aids in diagnosing a wide range of conditions, from abdominal pathologies to cardiac malformations. However, for optimal image quality and diagnostic accuracy, the right veterinary ultrasound probe is crucial. This blog delves into the key considerations when choosing probes for your small animal practice.

Understanding Probe Types:

Veterinary ultrasound probes come in various shapes and sizes, each tailored to specific anatomical regions and applications. Here are the most common ones:

• Micro-convex Probes: The workhorses of small animal abdominal ultrasonography, offer a good balance between image resolution and penetration depth. Their small footprint allows access to tight spaces like intercostal gaps, making them ideal for visualizing organs like the liver, kidneys, and bladder.

• Linear Probes: With a flat footprint and high-frequency range, linear probes excel at providing high-resolution images of superficial structures like muscles, tendons, and joints. They are also valuable for cardiac examinations and evaluating delicate structures like the eyes.

• Phased-array Probes: Offering electronic beam steering, phased-array probes enable detailed visualization of deeper structures like the heart and blood vessels without requiring probe manipulation. Additionally, some models enable 3D reconstruction, enhancing diagnostic capabilities.

• Endocavity Probes: For internal examinations of the female reproductive tract or urinary bladder, specialized endocavity probes are available. These miniature probes feature sterile sheaths for safe insertion and provide clear visuals of organs within body cavities.

Frequency Matters:

Frequency refers to the number of sound waves emitted by the probe per second, directly impacting image resolution and penetration depth. Higher frequencies (5-12 MHz) generate sharper images but struggle to penetrate deeper tissues. Conversely, lower frequencies (2-5 MHz) offer deeper penetration but with less detail. The ideal frequency range depends on the target organ and patient size. Consult your ultrasound manufacturer's recommendations for specific applications.

Image Quality and Advanced Features:

Beyond probe type and frequency, several features influence image quality and diagnostic utility:

• Field of View: Indicates the area covered by the ultrasound beam, impacting the number of organ sections captured in a single image. Wider fields of view are helpful for general surveys, while narrower fields provide a more focused examination of specific structures.

• Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI): Reduces image noise generated by tissue interfaces, resulting in sharper and clearer visualization of organ borders and internal structures.

• Doppler Modes: Enables evaluation of blood flow within vessels, aiding in diagnoses related to cardiovascular and circulatory disorders.

• Ergonomics and Handling: Probe weight, grip design, and cable length can significantly impact user comfort and scanning efficiency. Choose probes that feel comfortable in your hand and minimize fatigue during prolonged examinations.

Considerations for Your Practice:

When selecting probes for your practice, consider the following factors:

• Patient Population: The typical size and species of animals you see will influence the appropriate probe sizes and frequencies.

• Common Examination Types: Regularly performed procedures like abdominal scans, echocardiography, or musculoskeletal assessments will guide your probe selection.

• Budget: Probe prices vary widely, depending on technology, features, and brand. Determine your budget constraints and prioritize must-have features versus optional ones.

• Compatibility: Ensure the chosen probes are compatible with your existing ultrasound machine.

Conclusion:

Selecting the right veterinary ultrasound probes is vital for accurate diagnoses and effective patient care. By understanding probe types, frequencies, and advanced features, you can tailor your equipment to your practice's specific needs and optimize your diagnostic capabilities. Investing in high-quality probes not only enhances your clinical acumen but also improves workflow efficiency and patient comfort.

Remember, consulting with your ultrasound equipment provider and colleagues can offer valuable insights during the selection process.

By making informed choices, you can equip your practice with the best tools to provide exceptional veterinary care for all your furry (and feathered) patients.

House Calls-Understanding the Rise of Mobile Veterinary Care

The Future of Pet Healthcare: Mobile Veterinary Services Explored

In the bustling world we live in, time is a precious commodity.

Pet owners, like everyone else, are constantly juggling work, family, and social obligations, often leaving little time for lengthy trips to the veterinarian's office. This is where mobile veterinary care steps in, offering a convenient and stress-free solution for both pets and their owners.

The Convenience Factor: A Win-Win for Pets and Owners

Imagine the relief of having a veterinarian come to your doorstep, eliminating the need to pack up your anxious pet, brave traffic jams, and wait in crowded waiting rooms.

Mobile vet visits offer a personalized and comfortable experience for pets, reducing stress and allowing them to be examined in their familiar surroundings.

For pet owners, mobile vet services provide the flexibility to schedule appointments at their convenience, often during evenings or weekends. This can be especially beneficial for those with busy schedules or multiple pets, as they can avoid juggling multiple appointments and transportation arrangements.

Benefits for Veterinarians: A Rewarding Career Path

Mobile veterinary care offers a unique and rewarding career path for veterinarians.

By bringing their expertise directly to pet owners, mobile vets enjoy a more personal connection with their clients, fostering stronger relationships and building a loyal clientele.

The mobile setting also provides veterinarians with a more flexible schedule, allowing them to set their own hours and work-life balance. This flexibility is particularly appealing to veterinarians seeking a more autonomous and entrepreneurial approach to their practice.

Essential Equipment for Mobile Veterinary Success

To operate a successful mobile veterinary practice, essential equipment is required to ensure a comprehensive and effective examination and treatment of pets. This includes:

• A well-equipped mobile van or trailer that serves as a portable clinic, with ample space for examination, treatment, and storage of medical supplies.

• Essential veterinary tools and equipment, including a stethoscope, thermometer, otoscope, ophthalmoscope, and surgical instruments.

• Diagnostic tools, such as a portable ultrasound machine and laboratory equipment for blood and urine analysis.

• Pharmaceutical supplies, including medications, vaccines, and emergency drugs.

The Allure of Used Veterinary Equipment: A Smart Investment

For veterinarians embarking on a mobile veterinary venture, purchasing used equipment can be a cost-effective and sustainable solution. Reputable online marketplaces like https://www.usedvetequipment.com/ offer a wide selection of pre-owned veterinary equipment, carefully inspected and refurbished to meet industry standards.

By opting for used equipment, veterinarians can significantly reduce their initial investment costs, allowing them to allocate more resources toward other aspects of their business, such as marketing and client acquisition.

Marketing Your Mobile Veterinary Practice: Spreading the Pawsitive Word

To attract clients and establish a successful mobile veterinary practice, effective marketing strategies are crucial. Here are some key considerations:

• Build a strong online presence: Create a user-friendly website that clearly outlines your services, availability, and contact information. Utilize social media platforms to engage with potential clients, share informative content, and promote special offers.

• Target your marketing efforts: Identify your ideal client base and tailor your marketing messages accordingly. Consider factors such as location, pet ownership demographics, and common pet health concerns in your area

• Network with other pet professionals: Collaborate with local pet stores, groomers, and animal shelters to cross-promote services and expand your reach.

• Offer incentives and loyalty programs: Provide discounts for first-time clients, package deals for multiple services, and referral bonuses to encourage repeat business.

Embrace the Future of Veterinary Care

The mobile veterinary industry is rapidly expanding, driven by the increasing demand for convenience and personalized pet care.

By offering a unique and valuable service, mobile veterinarians are well-positioned to thrive in this growing market. With careful planning, strategic marketing, and a commitment to providing exceptional care, mobile veterinary practices can achieve success and make a positive impact on the lives of pets and their owners.

Navigating the World of Mobile Veterinary Home Services

The Future of Pet Healthcare: Mobile Veterinary Services Explored

In the ever-evolving landscape of veterinary medicine, the emergence of mobile veterinary home services has become a transformative force, ushering in a new era of convenience, comfort, and personalized care for both pet owners and their cherished companions.

For veterinarians contemplating this exciting venture, our comprehensive guide is designed to equip you with the knowledge and strategies needed to establish a thriving mobile veterinary practice, complete with tips on sourcing quality used equipment.

Unwrapping the Charms of Mobile Veterinary Home Services

The allure of mobile veterinary home services extends its embrace to both pet owners and veterinarians, reshaping the pet care experience in unprecedented ways.

For Pet Owners:

• Convenience Redefined: Bid farewell to the stress of transporting pets to traditional veterinary clinics, as mobile services eliminate this hassle for both pets and owners.

• Home Sweet Home: Embrace in-home care, allowing pets to undergo examinations and treatments in their familiar and cozy environments, potentially reducing stress-induced behavioral issues.

• Tailored Scheduling: Extend flexibility in appointment scheduling, accommodating the bustling lifestyles of pet owners and the unique needs of their furry companions.

For Veterinarians:

• Personalized Connections: Forge personalized relationships with pet owners and their companions, offering a unique level of attention and care.

• Breaking Clinic Boundaries: Escape the traditional clinic setting, enjoying a distinctive work environment.

• Autonomy and Control: Revel in a sense of autonomy and control over your practice, steering it in the direction you envision.

Must-Have Equipment for Your Mobile Veterinary Clinic

Ensuring the delivery of comprehensive veterinary care at your clients' doorsteps requires the right equipment.

Consider sourcing quality used equipment from platforms like [usedvetequipment. com](https://www.usedvetequipment.com/):

• Portable Examination Table

• Basic Diagnostic Tools: Stethoscope, otoscope, and ophthalmoscope.

• Essential Medications and Supplies: Be prepared for common pet ailments.

• Waste Disposal System

• Portable Laboratory Equipment: Facilitate in-house blood and urine tests.

• Reliable Transportation: A vehicle to ferry your equipment and supplies.

Crafting a Dynamic Marketing Strategy

Effective marketing is the linchpin for success. Consider these strategies to raise awareness and attract clients:

• Forge a Robust Online Presence: Develop a professional website, engage on social media, and showcase testimonials for credibility.

• Community Collaboration: Partner with local businesses, shelters, and groomers to cross-promote your services. Attend community events and pet fairs to flaunt your expertise.

• Competitive Pricing and Packages: Lure in new clients with introductory packages or discounts, tailoring your pricing to cater to specific needs.

• Emphasize Convenience and Personalization: Highlight the unique advantages of mobile veterinary services, focusing on convenience, stress reduction, and personalized attention.

Navigating the Regulatory Maze

Before setting sail with your mobile veterinary practice, acquaint yourself with the regulatory landscape in your jurisdiction:

• Obtain Necessary Licenses and Permits: Secure a mobile veterinary license or permit.

• Vehicle Standards: Ensure your vehicle adheres to safety and sanitation standards.

• Meticulous Record-Keeping: Maintain thorough records of patient care, staying in line with veterinary practice standards.

Why Mobile Veterinary Home Services Are The Savvy Choice

Opting for mobile veterinary home services isn't just a trend; it's a smart choice with numerous advantages:

Cost Efficiency: Bid farewell to hefty overhead costs associated with traditional clinics.

Flexibility in Schedule: Design your work hours for an optimal work-life balance.

Broadened Clientele: Reach a diverse clientele, including those with mobility challenges or multiple pets.

Job Satisfaction: Experience the joy of providing personalized care in a relaxed and stress-free environment.

In Conclusion

Embarking on the path of mobile veterinary home services promises a fulfilling and rewarding career. By adhering to these comprehensive guidelines and considering the option of sourcing quality used equipment, (or even new equipment) you can successfully build a thriving business that caters to the unique needs of both pet owners and their cherished companions.

Mobile Veterinary Home Services: A Comprehensive Guide

The Convenience Revolution: A Deep Dive into Mobile Veterinary Home Services

In the ever-evolving realm of veterinary medicine, mobile veterinary home services have emerged as a game-changer, offering convenience, comfort, and personalized care to pet owners and their furry companions.

If you're a veterinarian contemplating this exciting venture, this comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and strategies to establish a thriving mobile veterinary practice.

The Allure of Mobile Veterinary Home Services

Mobile veterinary home services present a plethora of benefits for both pet owners and veterinarians.

Convenience for Pet Owners:

• Eliminates the hassle of transporting pets to traditional veterinary clinics, reducing stress and anxiety for both pets and owners.

• Offers in-home care, allowing pets to be examined and treated in their familiar and comfortable environment, potentially reducing stress-induced behavioral issues.

• Provides flexibility in scheduling appointments, catering to busy lifestyles, and accommodating pets with special needs.

Advantages for Veterinarians:

Enables personalized attention and relationship building with pet owners and their furry companions.

Offers a unique work environment, breaking away from the traditional clinical setting.

Provides a sense of autonomy and control over one's practice.

Essential Equipment for Your Mobile Veterinary Clinic

To ensure you can provide comprehensive veterinary care at your client's homes, you'll need to invest in the following equipment:

• Portable examination table

• Basic diagnostic tools, such as a stethoscope, otoscope, and ophthalmoscope.

• Essential medications and supplies for common pet ailments.

• Waste disposal system.

• Portable laboratory equipment for in-house blood and urine tests.

• A reliable vehicle to transport your equipment and supplies.

• Shop for used equipment. https://www.usedvetequipment.com/

Crafting a Winning Marketing Strategy

Effective marketing is crucial for raising awareness about your mobile veterinary services and attracting clients. Here are some key strategies to consider:

• Establish a Strong Online Presence: Create a professional and informative website that clearly outlines your services, location, and contact information. Utilize social media platforms to engage with potential clients, share educational content, and showcase testimonials from satisfied customers.

• Target Local Communities: Partner with local pet stores, animal shelters, and groomers to cross-promote your services. Engage in community events and pet fairs to showcase your expertise and connect with potential clients.

• Offer Competitive Pricing and Packages: Consider offering introductory packages or discounts to attract new clients. Tailor your pricing to the specific needs of your target audience.

• Emphasize Convenience and Personalized Care: Highlight the unique advantages of mobile veterinary services, emphasizing convenience, reduced stress, and personalized attention for both pets and owners.

Navigating the Regulatory Landscape

Before launching your mobile veterinary practice, it's essential to familiarize yourself with the applicable regulations and licensing requirements in your jurisdiction. These may include:
Obtaining a mobile veterinary license or permit.

• Ensuring your vehicle meets safety and sanitation standards.

• Maintaining proper records of patient care and adhering to veterinary practice standards.

Why Mobile Veterinary Home Services Are a Smart Choice

Mobile veterinary home services offer a compelling alternative to traditional brick-and-mortar clinics, providing several distinct advantages:

• Reduced Overhead Costs: Eliminates the need for expensive clinic facilities, rent, and utilities.

• Flexible Work Schedule: Set your own hours and work-life balance.

• Expanding Client Base: Reach a wider clientele, including those with mobility challenges or multiple pets.

• Enhanced Job Satisfaction: Experience the satisfaction of providing personalized care in a relaxed and stress-free environment.

Conclusion

Mobile veterinary home services present a rewarding and fulfilling career path for veterinarians seeking a unique blend of entrepreneurship, clinical expertise, and compassionate care.

By following these comprehensive guidelines and embracing the inherent advantages of mobile veterinary practice, you can successfully establish a thriving business that caters to the needs of pet owners and their furry companions.

Exploring the Benefits of Mobile Services

Beyond the Clinic: A Holistic Approach to Pet Wellness with Mobile Vets

In the dynamic realm of veterinary medicine, a transformative trend has emerged, revolutionizing the way pet owners and veterinarians experience care. Mobile veterinary services have become the go-to solution for those seeking the perfect blend of convenience, personalized attention, and a stress-free environment for pets.

If you're a veterinarian contemplating diving into the world of mobile vet services, this comprehensive guide will equip you with tips on starting a new service, effective marketing, the importance of a compelling website, and how purchasing used equipment can be a savvy financial move.

The Convenience for Customers and Their Beloved Pets
For Pet Owners:

• Stress-Free Environment: Bid farewell to the challenges of transporting pets to traditional clinics. Mobile vet services bring veterinary care directly to the doorstep, eliminating the stress associated with car rides and unfamiliar surroundings.

• In-Home Comfort: Imagine your pet being examined and treated in the cozy comfort of their own home. Mobile vet services prioritize in-home care, reducing stress-induced behavioral issues and fostering a more relaxed experience for both pets and owners.
  
  

• Flexible Scheduling: Tailor-made for busy lifestyles, mobile vet services offer flexibility in appointment scheduling. Whether it's a routine check-up or a more urgent matter, customers can enjoy appointments that align with their schedules.

For Veterinarians:

• Personalized Connections: Building relationships with clients and their pets is a cornerstone of mobile vet services. Enjoy the opportunity to provide personalized attention, forge stronger connections, and have a more profound impact on the well-being of your furry patients.

• Escape the Clinic Setting: Break free from the constraints of a traditional clinic. Mobile vet services allow you to create a unique work environment, where you can focus on individualized care without the physical boundaries of a brick-and-mortar establishment.

• Autonomy and Control: With a mobile vet service, you're not just a practitioner; you're an entrepreneur. Take control of your practice, set your schedule, and enjoy a greater sense of autonomy in steering the direction of your veterinary career.

Tips for Starting Your Mobile Veterinary Service

• Develop a Professional Website: Your online presence is crucial for attracting clients. Create a website that clearly outlines your services, service areas, and contact information. Ensure that the design is user-friendly, and consider incorporating features like appointment scheduling and informative content.

• Utilize Social Media for Engagement: Harness the power of social media to connect with potential clients. Share informative content about pet care, engage with your audience, and showcase the behind-the-scenes of your mobile vet service. Encourage satisfied clients to share their experiences on your platforms.

• Establish Local Partnerships: Collaborate with local pet stores, groomers, and animal shelters to cross-promote your services. Attend community events and pet fairs to showcase your expertise and connect with potential clients. Word of mouth within the community is a powerful marketing tool.

• Offer Competitive Pricing and Packages: Consider introductory packages or discounts to attract new clients. Tailor your pricing to cater to the specific needs of your target audience. Highlight the value of your services, emphasizing the convenience and personalized care you bring to their doorstep.

• Emphasize Convenience in Marketing: In your marketing materials, underscore the convenience your mobile vet service provides. Highlight the stress-free environment for pets and the time-saving benefits for pet owners. Showcase testimonials that speak to the positive impact of your services on the lives of both pets and their owners.

Equipment Essentials for Your Mobile Veterinary Clinic

Investing in the right equipment is crucial for delivering comprehensive care on the go. Here's a checklist:

• Portable Examination Table: Facilitate thorough examinations with a portable table that ensures comfort for pets.

• Basic Diagnostic Tools: Stethoscope, otoscope, and ophthalmoscope are indispensable for routine check-ups and assessments.

• Essential Medications and Supplies: Be equipped with medications and supplies to address common pet ailments promptly.

• Waste Disposal System: Maintain cleanliness and hygiene with a portable waste disposal system.

• Portable Laboratory Equipment: For in-house diagnostics, invest in portable equipment for blood and urine tests.

• Reliable Transportation: A well-maintained and spacious vehicle is essential for transporting equipment and ensuring you reach your clients promptly.

• 
  Considering Used Equipment to Save Costs: Exploring platforms like usedvetequipment.com can be a smart financial move for a new mobile vet service. Purchasing quality used equipment allows you to save costs without compromising on the essential tools needed for your practice. Ensure you thoroughly inspect and verify the condition of the equipment before making a purchase.

Conclusion: Paving the Way to Success in Mobile Veterinary Services

Embarking on the journey of mobile veterinary services opens doors to a fulfilling and dynamic career.

By incorporating these tips for starting your service, emphasizing the convenience for customers and their pets, and strategically investing in equipment, you're poised to create a thriving business that brings veterinary care right to the doorstep of those who need it the most.

Explore Endoscopy in Veterinary Medicine

In recent years, endoscopy has become increasingly prevalent in veterinary medicine, offering a minimally invasive approach to diagnosing and treating a wide range of conditions. Just like other advanced imaging modalities, such as veterinary CT systems and fluoroscopy, endoscopy is becoming more commonplace for use by general practitioners.

This article aims to provide an overview of endoscopy in veterinary medicine, exploring its various applications, benefits, and considerations for implementation in veterinary practices.

What is Endoscopy?

An endoscope is a specialized instrument that allows veterinarians to visualize and examine internal organs and structures without the need for surgery.

This versatile tool consists of a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light source and a camera. The endoscope is inserted into the body through a natural orifice, such as the mouth, esophagus, or anus, to provide a real-time view of the internal environment.

Common Uses of Endoscopy in Veterinary Medicine

Endoscopy offers a range of valuable applications in veterinary medicine, including:

• Non-invasive assessment of anatomy: Endoscopy allows veterinarians to examine the internal surfaces of organs and structures without making incisions. This provides a detailed view of the anatomy, enabling the detection of abnormalities, such as inflammation, masses, and foreign objects.

• Obtaining biopsy samples: Biopsy samples are crucial for the definitive diagnosis of many conditions, including inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Endoscopes can be equipped with biopsy forceps, allowing veterinarians to collect tissue samples from the areas of interest without the need for surgical intervention.
  
  

• Removal of foreign objects: Foreign bodies can pose a significant risk to animal health. Endoscopy facilitates the visualization, localization, and removal of foreign objects from various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract.

• Minor surgical procedures: Endoscopy can be used to perform a variety of minor surgical procedures, such as balloon dilation of strictures, hemostasis, and nasopharyngeal polyp removal.

• Exotic animal care: Endoscopy plays a valuable role in the care of exotic species, such as birds and reptiles. It can be used for gender determination, diagnostic evaluation, and minor surgical procedures.

Benefits of Endoscopy

Endoscopy offers several distinct advantages over traditional diagnostic methods, including:

• Minimally invasive: Endoscopic procedures are minimally invasive, causing minimal discomfort and tissue damage compared to open surgery. This reduces recovery time and allows animals to return to their normal activities more quickly.

• Real-time visualization: Endoscopy provides real-time visualization of internal structures, enabling veterinarians to identify abnormalities promptly and accurately.
  
  

• Versatility: Endoscopy can be used to examine a wide range of body systems, including the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Considerations for Implementing Endoscopy in Veterinary Practices

While endoscopy offers numerous benefits, its implementation in veterinary practices requires careful consideration of several factors:

• Training and experience: Veterinarians should undergo appropriate training and gain hands-on experience in endoscopic procedures before performing them independently.

• Equipment selection: The choice of endoscopic equipment depends on the specific needs of the practice and the types of patients it serves.

• Cost-benefit analysis: Endoscopic equipment can be a significant investment, so practices should carefully assess the cost-benefit ratio before making a purchase.
  
  

• Referral options: It is important to have a referral network in place for cases that require specialized endoscopic expertise.

Conclusion

Endoscopy has become an invaluable tool in veterinary medicine, offering a minimally invasive and versatile approach to diagnosing and treating a wide range of conditions.

By expanding their diagnostic capabilities with endoscopy, veterinary practices can enhance patient care and provide comprehensive, high-quality services.

Additional Resources:

• * American Veterinary Medical Association: [https://www.avma.org/](https://www.avma.org/)

• * World Small Animal Veterinary Association: [https://www.wsava.org/](https://www.wsava.org/)

• * European Society of Veterinary Endoscopy: [https://www.esve.org/](https://www.esve.org/)

Mastering Detection & Treatment of Urinary Bladder Stones

Unraveling the Diagnostic Challenge: Spotting Hidden Bladder Stones

Introduction:

Embarking on the quest to identify and address urinary bladder stones in our furry companions requires a nuanced approach. This comprehensive guide is designed to navigate the intricacies of detection and treatment, shedding light on the sometimes elusive nature of these mineral-rich intruders.

Recognizing the Telltale Signs: Is It Bladder Stones?"

Is your pet showing signs of distress like blood in their urine, increased urination, or accidents at home? These could be subtle indicators of urinary bladder stones. Explore this section to decipher the signals that may prompt a visit to your veterinary clinic.

The Power of Radiographs: Shedding Light on Uroliths

Radiographs serve as the cornerstone in this diagnostic journey. Learn about capturing essential views of the abdomen and unraveling the mystery of radiopaque stones. Delve into the nuances of stone size and distribution, from sand-like grains to larger formations.

Contrast Studies: Enhancing Visibility for the Elusive Stones

When radiographs fall short, a double-contrast study becomes essential. Discover the benefits of combining positive and negative contrast agents for optimal bladder stone visualization.

Understand the role of anesthesia or sedation in administering contrast agents through a urinary catheter, ensuring patient safety and comfort.

Ultrasound Magic: Illuminating Radiolucent Stones

Explore the wonders of ultrasound in uncovering radiolucent stones that elude traditional radiographs. Dive into the fluid-filled bladder's role in providing contrast for ultrasound waves, enabling the detection of stones and other bladder abnormalities. Delve into ultrasound's capabilities in assessing the upper urinary tract, identifying issues beyond bladder stones.

Tailoring Treatment: From Diet Changes to Cystotomies

Based on diagnostic findings, discover treatment options, from recommending dietary changes for dissolvable stones to performing cystotomies for stone removal. Understand the importance of follow-up imaging to track progress and determine the effectiveness of dissolution.

Post-Op Imaging: Ensuring Success in Stone Removal

Uncover the critical role of imaging on the day of surgery, utilizing pre-op radiographs to confirm stone presence and post-op views to document successful removal. Navigate the choice between standard radiographs and ultrasound for follow-ups, ensuring the long-term health monitoring of the urinary system.

Conclusion:

Armed with a combination of imaging modalities, veterinary professionals can empower clients to proactively address, monitor, and prevent urinary bladder stones in their cherished pets.

Stay ahead in the journey of pet healthcare with crystal-clear insights into the world of diagnosing and treating these pesky intruders.

Your commitment to comprehensive care ensures a happier and healthier life for our four-legged friends.

A Vet's Guide to Safe, Conscious X-Rays for cat Patients

1: Balancing Safety and Conscious Imaging

X-rays serve as invaluable tools in feline diagnostics, offering crucial insights when executed with precision. However, coaxing a cat into a state of stillness for the procedure without resorting to sedation presents a unique challenge. In this guide, we explore the delicate balance between achieving diagnostic-quality X-rays and ensuring the well-being of both feline patients and veterinary staff.

2: When Sedation Isn't an Option: Considerations and Scenarios

Before embarking on the journey of conscious cat X-rays, veterinary professionals must assess the necessity of avoiding sedation. Safety remains the top priority for patients and staff alike, as repeated attempts due to poor positioning or movement can elevate stress levels and radiation exposure.

While short-acting sedation options exist, there are scenarios where a conscious approach is preferable, such as with cats having advanced cardiac disease or previous adverse reactions to sedation.

3: Techniques for Conscious Radiographs: A Step-by-Step Approach

Ensuring a smooth and stress-free process for conscious X-rays involves meticulous preparation and execution. This section provides practical tips for veterinary professionals to enhance the welfare of feline patients and maintain a safe environment during the procedure.

4: Preparing for Success: The Importance of Readiness

To successfully execute conscious X-rays, meticulous preparation is non-negotiable. From predicting kV and mA settings to having restraint equipment readily available, the efficiency of the procedure relies on a well-thought-out plan. Implementing feline-centric protocols, including calming voices, quiet environments, and minimal handling, contributes to a low-stress atmosphere.

5: The Art of Positioning: Tools and Techniques

Positioning a cat for X-rays demands creativity and careful consideration.

This section introduces various tools, such as Perspex boxes, sandbags, troughs, and foam wedges, to aid in achieving optimal positioning without compromising patient comfort. Emphasizing that "less is more" in cat restraint, the guide outlines methods to stabilize cats with respiratory concerns while maintaining minimal restraint.

6: Taking the Shot: Executing the Radiographs

Executing conscious radiographs requires coordination and precision. This section guides veterinary professionals through the process, from staying with the cat until the machine is ready to providing reassurance during the 'beep' or 'click' of the X-ray machine.

Tips for allowing the cat to rest between shots and recognizing signs of distress ensure a humane approach throughout the procedure.

7: Pitfalls and Prudence: Navigating Challenges

While conscious radiographs offer a non-sedative alternative, potential pitfalls exist, such as poor positioning, movement blur, or sub-optimal exposure.

This section emphasizes the preference for sedation or anesthesia whenever possible to achieve radiographs safely, underlining the importance of adaptability and recognizing when chemical restraint may be necessary.

By mastering the art of stress-free cat X-rays, veterinary professionals can enhance the diagnostic process, ensuring the well-being of their feline patients and fostering a positive experience for both cats and their human companions.

Choosing the Best Oxygen Source for Your Veterinary Practice

What Oxygen Source Does Your Veterinary Hospital Utilize: Concentrator-Generated, Cylinder-Stored, or Piped Oxygen?

Have you ever thought about what works best in your veterinary hospital?

Have you become accustomed to switching small oxygen cylinders on the regular, hoofing them about the practice, trying not to think too hard about what may result from one dropped on the ground?

Well, there are alternatives out there. So, if you’re rethinking how your practice should deliver oxygen to patients, read on; we’ve collated the pros and cons of each system so that you can make an educated judgment call for you and your colleagues.

Oxygen Cylinders for Veterinary Hospitals

One of the most traditional methods of oxygen storage and delivery within the veterinary hospital or clinic is through the use of oxygen cylinders, particularly the smaller ones designed to attach to individual anesthetic machines.

The patient caseload determines the lifespan of these cylinders, ranging from one to a few days before necessitating replacement.

However, the replacement process not only adds to the workload of the veterinary team but also poses potential dangers associated with handling and moving compressed gas.

It is crucial to equip staff with purpose-designed trolleys for safely transporting these cylinders. In the event of a drop and subsequent damage, a compressed gas leak could literally blow a hole in the operating theatre wall.

Effective administration is essential for managing small oxygen cylinders, ensuring that spares are consistently available. Ideally, anesthetic machines should feature two docks, allowing for a seamless transition from one cylinder to the next when needed.

Human error is a potential concern in this system, requiring accurate labeling of cylinders as "full," "in use," or "empty." Prompt replacement of empty cylinders is vital to maintaining a state of preparedness. Additionally, robust ordering processes must be in place to prevent running out of this critical veterinary consumable.

Considerations also extend to the cost of cylinder rental, contributing to the overall expenses of operating a veterinary practice, subsequently reflected in client bills.

Despite these challenges, there are positive aspects to using oxygen cylinders in veterinary care.

Purpose-built, portable anesthetic tables with small cylinders enable uninterrupted anesthesia for patients in transit.

Moreover, in the event of a power outage, anesthetic machines continue to function, with many modern devices equipped to be powered by compressed gas through mini-Schrader sockets during emergencies.

Piped oxygen for veterinary hospitals

Piped gas is sleek in appearance, giving a professional and ‘thought-out’ look to a clinic.

Gas outlets (sockets, usually Shrader-type) are placed at convenient spots around the practice (for example at prep room and theatre anesthetic stations, and near oxygen kennels inwards).

Hoses are secured into these outlets, extending into the room to attach to anesthetic machines.

The wall outlets are fed from an oxygen distribution line that extends outside and connects to an oxygen source, most commonly bulk supply oxygen cylinders.

These large oxygen cylinders are generally situated externally to the practice, making for convenient replenishment of supplies since gas delivery companies can be given a key or combination to a safety gas storage ‘cage’.

Oxygen concentrators can also be purchased as an alternative to bulk gas cylinders, the associated money-saving of which could well offset the cost of having a piped system installed.  

Veterinary piped oxygen tends to utilize flexible hosing for the transportation of the gas throughout the building.

These hoses are not only easy to fit retrospectively (and can therefore be fitted to existing veterinary practice fabric, not just new builds), but also allow amendments and changes to be made over time.

Veterinary practices tend not to be static entities; they grow and develop to meet the ever-changing and developing needs of pet owners, so having the ability to easily add to and amend facilities is extremely useful.

It is overall a flexible system that can be tweaked as necessary to suit the individual practice.

The list of benefits of piped gas is short but important. Many practices find piped gas to be the best option simply for the level of convenience and safety for staff; it reduces or even eradicates the number of cylinder changes compared to traditional small gas cylinders.

Even where large cylinders are used, changing empty cylinders is quick and simple since they do not need to be moved.

The downside is, of course, that the cylinder still needs to be replaced periodically. In some very cold climates, there may be a risk of the connections freezing in mid-winter – but this can easily be mitigated with good design.

Oxygen concentrators play a vital role in the operations of a veterinary hospital or clinic.

They serve as ingenious devices that harness air as a natural resource to generate medical-grade oxygen.

Functioning by extracting air from the surroundings, these concentrators meticulously filter out elements like nitrogen, producing purified oxygen readily available for patients around the clock.

Available in various sizes, they cater to diverse needs, ranging from individual anesthetic stations to comprehensive applications that serve an entire veterinary practice through a piped gas delivery system.

This method of oxygen generation proves highly convenient, requiring minimal intervention once the equipment is activated.

Veterinary practices stand to benefit in two significant ways: firstly, for environmentally conscious practices, the use of concentrators helps diminish their ecological footprint by reducing the need for oxygen delivery vans on the road.

Secondly, there's a substantial cost-saving advantage, potentially cutting gas bills by up to 90%. It is advisable, however, to maintain a spare oxygen cylinder as a precaution in case of equipment failure.

In summary, the cost-effectiveness of utilizing an oxygen concentrator in conjunction with a piped gas system makes it a valuable investment for veterinary hospitals, regardless of their size.

This holds particularly true for mid to large-sized practices, where the financial advantages are substantial.

Moreover, the convenience offered by these systems contributes to enhanced staff morale.

Even in smaller veterinary practices where the installation of a piped gas system might not be financially justifiable, the adoption of one or more compact concentrators can prove advantageous not only in terms of finances but also in promoting staff well-being and environmental considerations.

Unleashing Convenience: The Rise of In-Home Veterinary Care

Convenience Meets Care: The Evolution of Mobile Veterinary Services

For many pet owners, scheduling veterinary appointments can be a logistical nightmare.

Getting your furry friend the care they need can feel like an insurmountable hurdle between busy work schedules, transportation challenges, and anxious pets. Thankfully, the landscape of veterinary medicine is evolving, and mobile veterinary services are emerging as a convenient and compassionate solution.

From House Calls to High-Tech Vans:

The concept of mobile veterinary care isn't entirely new. Traditionally, veterinarians made house calls, providing essential services in the comfort of a pet's familiar environment. However, with advancements in technology and veterinary equipment, mobile vet services have transformed into fully equipped clinics on wheels.

These specialized vans are outfitted with the latest diagnostic tools, allowing veterinarians to perform a wide range of examinations, vaccinations, and even minor procedures directly at your doorstep. This eliminates the stress of traveling to a clinic, especially for pets who experience anxiety in unfamiliar environments.

Benefits for Pets and Owners:

The advantages of mobile veterinary services extend far beyond convenience:

• Reduced stress for pets: Familiar surroundings can significantly decrease anxiety and fear associated with vet visits, leading to a more positive experience for both the pet and the owner.

• Increased accessibility: Mobile services cater to individuals with limited mobility, busy schedules, or multiple pets, making veterinary care more accessible than ever before.

• Personalized attention: Mobile vets often have more dedicated time with each pet, allowing for a more thorough examination and personalized care plan.

• Improved compliance: By removing logistical barriers, mobile services can encourage regular check-ups and preventive care, ultimately benefiting your pet's long-term health.

The Future of Mobile Veterinary Care:

The future of mobile veterinary services is brimming with potential. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see:

• Expansion of services: Mobile vets may offer more specialized services like dentistry, pain management, and even advanced diagnostics.

• Telemedicine integration: Combining mobile visits with remote consultations can further enhance accessibility and provide ongoing support between appointments.

• Focus on preventative care: Mobile services can be crucial in promoting preventative healthcare initiatives, leading to healthier and happier pets.

Short Reason for a Mobile Vet to Have a Website: Reach More Pets, 24/7

A website for your mobile vet service allows you to reach potential clients anytime, anywhere.

This is crucial as many pet owners research vets online before making an appointment.

Your website can showcase your services, qualifications, and the convenience of mobile care, attracting clients who might not otherwise consider your services.

Choosing to be a Mobile Veterinarian

Mobile veterinary services are revolutionizing the way we care for our pets.

By offering convenience, personalized attention, and reduced stress, they are making essential veterinary care more accessible and ensuring a healthier, happier life for our furry companions.

Low Flow Anesthesia in a Veterinary Practice. Do's / Don'ts

Low Flow Anesthesia in a Veterinary Practice: Key Do's and Don'ts

The Benefits of Low-Flow Anesthesia for Veterinary Practices.

There was once a time when anesthetic was all about just keeping the patient ‘asleep’ so that a procedure could be carried out.

If we are being responsible practitioners and business owners, we should be striving to reduce the use of some of these inhalants.

Using injectable anesthetic protocols eliminates the volatile gas element altogether, but there is still a carbon footprint associated with the production of the drug, the electricity needed to power the syringe driver, drug wastage, and so on.

We also need to be careful not to compromise patient safety.

Low-flow anesthesia helps to provide the compromise we need, allowing us to continue with inhalants but at lower levels than we are traditionally used to.

What is low-flow anesthesia?

Simply put, low-flow anesthesia is the minimum safe gas flow you can use during the maintenance phase of a patient’s anesthetic, that still supplies them with enough oxygen to continue with normal metabolic functions.

It is defined as a fresh gas flow (FGF) of 0.5-1 L/min. 

Minimal flow (which is 0.25 – 0.5 L/minute) or closed-circuit techniques (< 0.25 L/minute) also exist, but care must be taken to ensure your patient doesn’t become hypoxic.

This is made riskier if nitrous oxide is used, so this would not be recommended. It’s also important to remember that many general-purpose vaporizers do not operate reliably below 0.5L/min.

Many practices have conventionally used comparatively high FGF rates, usually much more than is actually required for our patients.

This has many downsides, including being wasteful of oxygen and inhalational anesthetics. This not only impacts the environment but also costs money. There is an increased risk of unnecessarily exposing the veterinary team to anesthetic agents with this method too.

For our patients, there is also the downside of having lots of unnecessary cooling gases entering the airways, which is not ideal for a small animal under anesthesia. Hypothermia is a real risk, particularly for animals under 10kg, so re-breathing warm gases in low-flow anesthesia can be very helpful.

What are the dos and don’ts of low-flow anesthesia in a veterinary clinic?

Most of the problems faced in low-flow anesthesia are due to inappropriate equipment which we will cover here.

Dos:

Do use a veterinary vaporizer that can deliver precise fresh gas flows down to 200ml/min and make sure that it has been calibrated and tested for low flow rates.

Despite claims, some vaporizers struggle with high resistance, an inability to respond quickly to setting changes, and inaccuracies in the delivery of inhalants (Kelly and Kong, 2011).

Don’t hesitate to speak to the manufacturer if you require specific advice about individual vaporizers.

Do use a precise oxygen flow meter which can be easily read and used to monitor fresh gas flow rates down to 200ml/minute.

Do use a low volume / low resistance circle absorber which can rapidly respond to changes in vaporizer settings at 200ml/min fresh gas flow. It should respond within 5 breaths ideally.

Some can be very slow (up to 20 minutes). Increasing your FGF during vaporizer setting changes can help, but may negate some of the benefits of using a low-flow system.

Do always leak-test your system before use. The soda lime in any rebreathing circuit needs daily checking too, as once exhausted the indicator can revert back to its original color if left in situ which can be misleading, severely compromising its carbon dioxide absorbing abilities.

Do use a higher FGF (2L/min) and vaporizer settings at the start of your anesthetic. Around 10-15 minutes is required to allow the anesthetic agent and oxygen concentrations to build to a sufficient level in the breathing system (Feldman, 2012).

Similarly at the end of your anesthetic increasing your FGF can help to remove any volatile agent more rapidly.

Do use appropriate analgesia and volatile agent-sparing techniques.

This includes using systemic analgesia as well as regional anesthesia techniques like epidurals, peripheral nerve blocks, and splash blocks. You could also consider total or partial intravenous anesthesia.

Do use capnography whenever you’re doing a low-flow protocol. It gives us a measure of how well a patient is ventilating and is the only reliable early measure of hypoxemia.

Don’ts

Don’t use repurposed human equipment for low-flow anesthesia in small animals. It is unlikely to be accurate enough for the patient sizes you will be dealing with.

Don’t try and use non-rebreathing systems that require high gas flows to expel expired CO2, such as Bain circuits or Ayres T-pieces.

Don’t use low-flow when nitrous oxide is being delivered unless there is in-circuit oxygen concentration monitoring. There is a risk of hypoxia in these patients.

Don’t expect staff to feel comfortable with new techniques without appropriate training, invest time in your team.

Don’t worry if you don’t have access to all the patient monitoring tools.

However, your patient will need to be observed very closely.

Most practices have a pulse oximeter though, which you should use as a minimum.

This tells us about hemoglobin saturation, which is essential in low-flow anesthesia.

Gas/anesthetic agent monitoring is ideal as it monitors inspired O2, as well as inspired and expired anesthetic agent concentrations, but this is expensive so many practices do not have access to this.

Summary

There are multiple benefits to low-flow anesthesia, and it should be considered by all veterinary hospitals. Ensuring you have the right equipment in place is key, as is spending time on staff training so that you can be sure you are providing the very best care for your patients.

References

Feldman, Jeffrey M. MD, MSE. Managing Fresh Gas Flow to Reduce Environmental Contamination. Anesthesia & Analgesia 114(5):p 1093-1101, May 2012. | DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31824eee0d

Jones, RS & West, E (2019) Environmental Sustainability in Veterinary Anaesthesia. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 46 (4) 409-420

Kelly, J.M. & Kong, K.-L. Accuracy of ten isoflurane vaporizers in current clinical use. Anaesthesia, 2011; 66: 682–688

‘The whys and hows of low flow: an introduction to safe low-flow anesthesia’ by Simon Wheeler and Colin Dunlop, 14th June 2023

‘Low Flow Anaesthesia: Frequently Asked Questions, April 2020’ – Davies Veterinary Specialists, April 2020

‘Reducing anesthetic gas for environmental benefit’ - Ellie West MA Cantab VetMB CertVA DipECVAA AIEMA MRCVS, Clinical Anaesthetist, and Sustainability Lead at Davies Veterinary Specialists, 30th January 2020

Stainless Steel Cages for pets in Veterinary Clinics

Promoting Animal Well-Being: The Role of Stainless Steel Cages in Veterinary Clinics

Stainless steel cages are found in most veterinary clinics across the world, often being used for both canine and feline patients and some exotic species.

The perception of cages of any kind to members of the public can be poor, but using the right stainless steel cages can have a positive impact on animal welfare and be a great advantage to a clinic.

They are excellent for biosecurity as can be easily disinfected using appropriate techniques without worrying about damage to the surfaces. 

Various layouts of cages exist, which allow a certain flexibility in the clinic to fit with a practice trying to balance patient safety, hygiene, and patient welfare.

Patient welfare is at the forefront of the veterinary industry and equipment that makes this easier is always worthwhile. Members of the public assume a level of patient welfare when leaving their pets in the clinic, so it’s vital to ensure this occurs.

Safety for staff members

Stainless steel cages are much safer for staff members as they allow the behavior of a patient to be observed from a distance, without the staff having to get close and risk injuries from bites or scratches.

The initial components of pain scoring can be performed by observing the patient from outside the cage and watching their reactions.

This also means that the patient themselves is less aware of being observed and their “personal space” remains intact, so they tend to remain calmer (in an already strange situation for them away from family and familiar scents and surroundings).

The easy closure of the cages prevents damage to fingers or paws from becoming trapped within the cage. 

Safety for patients 

As the cages are smoothly finished, there is no risk of a rough edge or surface that the patient can catch themselves and cause injury on.

They are unable to get through the gaps between the metal cage bars, so cannot hurt themselves falling. They cannot affect the closing mechanisms, regardless of whether they lean or put pressure on them, so they are safe and secure inside the cage. 

Welfare of patients 

Due to the design of the cages, there is excellent airflow and ventilation which prevents airborne particles from staying for too long on surfaces. It also allows for the patients to have good airflow and prevent overheating by being too enclosed. 

As the patients can see out of the cages, they feel less enclosed and often are calmer as they can observe what is going on around them.

An unfamiliar environment can be frightening for patients, but a bright area where staff can observe the patients and talk to them to help calm can be helpful to make them feel less scared. 

Because they cannot injure themselves or others, as mentioned above, they will be safer overall and if they are vocalizing in distress staff members can hear them and come to help them. 

The cages are designed to be large enough that the patients can turn around and exhibit normal behavior which is good, but without being too big that they can cause damage by knocking themselves on the sides. 

Cleanliness

Stainless steel as a material by nature is durable and easy to clean. The cages can be wiped over, or areas submerged in cleaning products, to allow for a thorough disinfection and can even be left with disinfectant in contact for longer periods of time to prevent any diseases remaining.

This all helps prevent cross-contamination, as when the next patient is placed in the kennel it is not only visibly clean but is disinfected, allowing for the reassurance that diseases will not be passed on. 

Conclusion

Stainless steel cages have many benefits to both the patients and staff in the clinic.

As well as the above, they are durable and hard-wearing so last for a long time due to their high quality.

They can be customized to allow them to stack on top of others or for various sizes and configurations which makes for a highly useful system for many years. 

Comfort & Hygiene Stainless Steel Cages for Veterinary

Balancing Comfort and Hygiene: Stainless Steel Kennels in Veterinary Care

Stainless steel kennels are a mainstay in many veterinary clinics for the housing of our patients. These kennels are a careful balance between excellent biosecurity and hygiene while still maintaining patient comfort during their hospitalization.

Comfort - Bedding

Bedding is clearly an important consideration in the comfort of a patient, as stainless steel is hard and non-porous, which is ideal for hygiene but is not appropriate to house animals on directly. 

Species consideration

Bedding should be used according to species – veterinary hospitals see everything from dogs and cats to birds and rodents; all have very different husbandry requirements. Species-specific husbandry and bedding provision can help in stress reduction in hospitalized patient, allowing them to display their natural behaviors.

Bedding, particularly when discussing canine and feline patients, should be non-slip and durable. Rodents, lagomorphs, avians, and reptiles all will require the provision of very specific bedding and husbandry. 

Life stage consideration

The age/life stage of the patient needs to be considered.

Many geriatric animals will benefit from a padded orthopedic mattress in the kennel for extra support as a high percentage of geriatric animals will have some degree of osteoarthritic changes, or muscle atrophy.

Young patients, particularly dogs, maybe a foreign body risk and therefore the bedding provided must be durable and unable to be torn into small pieces which could be inadvertently ingested.

However, neonatal and juvenile animals may require more sleep/rest periods, and therefore provision of suitable bedding is essential. 

Disease process consideration

Furthermore, animals with certain diseases can experience cachexia and will need extra padding to support them. Other disease processes can cause patients to be unable to thermoregulate well, which will result in staff needing to warm or cool their environment and provide bedding appropriate to their specific needs.  

Orthopedic mattresses, useful in both geriatric and sick patients, can be obtained once kennels have been measured. A waterproof and durable outer layer is important to maintain hygiene.

Laundry

Soiled hospital laundry and animal bedding may be considered a potential source of infection to both staff and patients and may cause cross-contamination of the environment.

All reusable linens and bedding that have been contaminated with blood, urine, feces, or any other bodily fluids or exudates must be subjected to a decontamination process.

All bedding should be checked for soiling regularly and changed whenever there has been contamination. Using single-use absorbable sheets may help in cases of incontinence, hemorrhage, diarrhea, or vomiting, to help protect the bedding. 

Biosecurity and Hygiene

Compelling evidence has accumulated in human medicine to confirm the important role of the environment in pathogen transmission.

Infection prevention and biosecurity are an essential part of patient care to avoid hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), therefore should play an important role in daily practice – with several team members involved in ward and kennel cleaning and hygiene and all team members be educated and aware of the importance.

There is a real financial risk of failure to ensure biosecurity – with potential losses to the veterinary hospital and the client. Careful and strategic evaluation of disinfectants, implementation of thorough cleaning practices, and environmental swabs of the veterinary hospital can prevent these kinds of HAIs and the added cost of treating and controlling them.

To aid in this process, it is desirable that surfaces in animal housing and clinical spaces are cleanable and nonporous, such as stainless steel in the kenneling areas. 

Common factors that can lead to poor hygiene measures include, not following the dilution instructions on the disinfectants, failing to reach designated contact time, incorrect storage or use beyond the disinfectant’s shelf life, and mixing inappropriate cleaning chemicals which can result in dangerous interactions (such as the release of chlorine gas).

Furthermore, if the team does not adequately remove gross debris prior to the application of the disinfectant, it may render the chemicals ineffective.

Quality Control

Environmental swabs can be taken to monitor and audit the effectiveness of current hygiene protocols. This should be done throughout the veterinary hospital but should include kennels, including monitoring the cleaning of the bars and openings to ensure specific ‘touch points’ aren't getting missed. 

Conclusion

Consideration of comfort and hygiene in hospitalized patients is essential.

It takes a whole-team approach to maintain veterinary practice hygiene, and education should be on a systemic level so all people within the organization are aware of why protocols are used.

Particularly in kenneling areas, stainless steel units provide an excellent non-porous material for decontamination and disinfecting – but care should also be taken to furnish the kennel with appropriate bedding to maximize patient comfort and experience while still allowing excellent hygiene measures to be undertaken.

References

AAHA (2017) ‘Infection Control and Biosecurity in Veterinary Medicine’ Available Online: https://www.aaha.org/globalassets/05-pet-health-resources/virox_booklet24.pdf

Anderson, K.L., O’Neill, D.G., Brodbelt, D.C. et al. Prevalence, duration and risk factors for appendicular osteoarthritis in a UK dog population under primary veterinary care. Sci Rep 8, 5641 (2018).

Traverse M, Aceto H. Environmental cleaning and disinfection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2015 Mar;45(2):299-330, vi. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.011. Epub 2014 Dec 30. PMID: 25555560; PMCID: PMC7114656.

Kerrigan, L. (2015) ‘Care of ageing patients: general considerations for nursing’ Available Online: https://www.vettimes.co.uk/app/uploads/wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache/1/care-of-ageing-patients-general-considerations-for-nursing.pdf

Mark A. Mitchell, (2009) CHAPTER 2 - PREPARING YOUR HOSPITAL FOR EXOTIC PETS, Editor(s): Mark A. Mitchell, Thomas N. Tully, Manual of Exotic Pet Practice, W.B. Saunders.

Enhancing Patient Safety with Stainless Steel Cages

Patient Safety First: The Role of Stainless Steel Cages in Veterinary Care

There are a variety of different veterinary practices across the globe, from converted old buildings to purpose-built referral centers. No matter the type of veterinary practice, patient safety should always be at the forefront of our minds.

The type of cages used within the veterinary sector could have a direct impact on the health of our patients, with some cage materials being described as superior to others. There are many different factors that could affect the quality of patient care, but the quality of cages within kennels and catteries is well within our control. 

Let’s have a look at 10 reasons to invest in, or make the switch to, stainless steel cages for your veterinary practice.

Durability 

Stainless steel is durable, making it the perfect material for an animal cage. Stainless steel has an important component - chromium - which gives the steel its durable nature. (Anderson, 2022)

We see a variety of different temperaments at the veterinary practice, from the sweet and innocent to the bold and brash and it is important for a kennel to withstand a beating (or gnawing) when an animal may not be too happy about being in a cage. 

Some kennels can be manufactured with materials such as glass and plastic, however, these are often easily damaged by warping, bending, or even smashing.

Fully customizable 

Veterinary practices come in all different shapes and sizes and it is important that you don’t have to change your current space to be able to upgrade your kennel design. Many stainless steel kennels can be made to order, allowing them to fit the area that you already have. 

Hygienic 

All types of kennels and cages found within the veterinary practice should be easy to clean and maintain. After all, the clinic should be as sterile as possible to avoid post-operative, zoonotic, and inter-species infections. 

Stainless steel cages are easily cleaned and disinfected. Not only that, but they are unlikely to become damaged by the cleaning chemicals or being wet.

Traditional kennels, which include ceramic tiles, offer the possibility of harboring bacteria, either in cracked tiles or the grouting. Materials such as plastic and perspex are easy to clean and maintain, however, once they are scratched or damaged in any way, this also offers a chance for bacteria to accumulate. 

Hypoallergenic properties 

Stainless steel is hypoallergenic and it is unlikely that an animal would have a reaction to it. In fact, that’s why jewelry for humans is often made from steel as it is unlikely that we will have an allergic reaction.

Similarly, many pet food bowls are made from stainless steel - mainly because it has the same benefits that stainless steel kennels do! Harmful bacteria, pollen, and allergens are unable to enter stainless steel due to its non-porous surface, making it a safer option for our patients. (Americat Company, 2023)

Eco-friendly

In a world where sustainability and global warming are hot topics, it’s only fair that veterinary practices do their bit to contribute towards a greener future. Veterinary practices produce a substantial amount of waste, so why should we further implicate the environment by investing in plastic kennels?

Stainless steel is environmentally friendly, fully recyclable, and toxic chemicals are not usually used in its production. When you compare this to plastic kennels, which are not normally recyclable, it’s easy to see why stainless steel is superior. 

Aesthetically pleasing

No matter what cages you have at the veterinary practice, you want them to be safe, easy to clean and look smart. If you’re employing new staff, the appearance of the practice says a lot about a company.

Stainless steel cages look sleek, smart, and clean. They make a kennel or cattery environment look clean, professional, and functional.

Strong and safe

Stainless steel is a strong material. In fact, stainless steel is so strong that it is often used to build bridges, skyscrapers, and vehicles.

Stainless steel cages offer the best security and protection for our patients. Whilst plastic and perspex are strong, they can be more likely to break and crack. Some kennels offer glass frontages which are perfect for observing patients, but may not be the best material for an angry canine that we want to stay where it is!

Resistant to rust 

A massive perk to stainless steel kennels is that they are corrosion-resistant. This makes them a brilliant addition to the veterinary practice as they can be easily cleaned or left to soak in disinfectant in severely soiled cases.

Stainless steel cages are also brilliant to be used outside, as they are weather resistant and so are suitable for housing injured wildlife. 

Aids in odor control 

Unfortunately, there’s always a less desirable smell or two at the veterinary practice. From diarrhea to vomit - we’ve seen it all.

Stainless steel cages offer an easy-to-clean surface and thankfully do not hold on to unpleasant odors. 

Most other materials, including perspex, are easy to clean but can sometimes hold on to smells.

Perspex can scratch more easily, allowing odors to penetrate into the material.

Some kennels can have ceramic tiles that line the walls and floor of the kennels; These are easy to clean initially, but aged and worn tiles can crack and deteriorate over time, harboring smells.

Resistant to extreme temperatures 

Whilst a veterinary clinic is usually temperature-controlled and is unlikely to experience extreme temperatures, stainless steel is resilient against hot and cold temperatures.

Plastic can easily warp under hot conditions or become brittle in extreme cold. Likewise, glass can easily crack and smash in high or low temperatures.

Final thoughts on stainless steel cages

Stainless steel kennels have many perks and seem to be one of the most versatile and durable kennels available within the veterinary industry. Each veterinary practice is different and what might suit one practice may not suit another. If you want a cage that is secure, durable, hygienic, and eco-conscious you can’t go wrong with a stainless steel kennel.

The benefits of stainless steel cages in Veterinary clinics

Advantages of Stainless Steel Cages in Veterinary Clinics

Stainless steel cages are now being widely used in veterinary practices across the world. Stainless steel is an iron-based alloy that is well known for its resistance from rusting and corrosion. 

Stainless steel cages have gained popularity over the years because of their ease of maintenance, along with their smart appearance. These types of cages can also be used to comfortably and securely accommodate many species including dogs, cats, and exotics.

Therefore, they can be incorporated into many different types of practices. The following points will discuss the benefits of stainless steel cages in veterinary clinics, and we’re going to really focus on the hygiene benefits. 

The importance of hygiene

Infection control and hygiene are of great importance in veterinary practices. The main reasons that practices have strict hygiene protocols are to prevent the spread of zoonotic and contagious diseases between patients or from patients to staff and to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Good hygiene provides a line of defense against harmful organisms and standard operating procedures are in place to set these protocols.

Hospital-associated infections sadly occur in both veterinary and human medicine and control is based on hygiene and environmental factors.

In veterinary practices, the more common diseases that can be easily transmitted between ward patients include urinary tract infections, viruses such as parvovirus or calicivirus, and multi-factorial syndromes such as pneumonia, infectious diarrhea, and kennel cough.

In already very vulnerable patients contracting these diseases during a hospital stay can be detrimental to their health. 

Stainless steel cages – the benefits

Easy to clean

Stainless steel cages encourage and allow a good level of hygiene in the patient wards.

As stainless steel is a highly durable material with high chemical resistance, it is able to withstand and handle a wide range of different types of cleaners and disinfectants, as well as repeated application of these.

Plastic kennels can be relatively easy to clean but are often less resilient at withstanding repeated disinfectant applications.

Wooden kennels are an even poorer disinfectant, with microscopic pores that allow pathogens to evade the surface clean, and trapping organic debris that can inactivate many disinfectant agents.

Remain clean

The smooth and bright surfaces of stainless steel also allow the surfaces to be virtually free from bacterial retention after cleaning.

This high level of cleanliness is why places such as restaurants and hospitals also utilize stainless steel surfaces throughout their businesses.

Smooth surfaces mean that it is less likely that cracks and crevices appear that can harbor dirt and bacteria. 

Time saved

Furthermore, the easier that something is to clean the less time that it takes. This means that more time can be spent focusing on looking after your hospitalized patients and delivering gold-standard care. 

Strong and durable

Additionally, stainless steel cages are also extremely secure and safe. This is a feature that is vitally important in Veterinary practices as nobody wants an escapee patient!

Stainless steel is hard-wearing, and it is therefore able to withstand a lot of force even from the strongest of dogs.

Its robust physical properties also mean that, once they are installed, they are likely to be used for many years without needing to be replaced.

Smart looks

How aesthetically pleasing something is definitely is an important factor when planning any workplace environment. Stainless steel cages do give a professional appearance and the shiny polished surfaces provide a beautiful finish.

Hygenic separation

Often stainless steel kennels are positioned side by side or are stacked which helps to prevent the transmission of airborne pathogens to the patient next door. 

To conclude, stainless steel is now a popular choice of material for cages in many types of Veterinary practices. Not only does stainless steel provide patient security and safety, but it also maximises hygiene which greatly benefits the health of both the patients and the hardworking veterinary staff. 

Uncover the Advantages of Endoscopes in Veterinary Medicine

Shrinking Surgeries: The Advantages of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Procedures

Endoscopy is a fantastic, minimally invasive tool that is now widely used throughout the veterinary field, both in small- and large animal medicine. You may or may not have access to endoscopy in your current veterinary clinic but even so, it is really handy to know when to reach or refer for this modality!

What is endoscopy?

Let’s begin by reviewing how endoscopy actually works. Endoscopes are often described as “cameras'' which are used to view internal organs.

In reality, of course, we do not routinely place a camera into the patient; instead, we use an optical waveguide, typically in the form of fiber optics, which transmits light from the insertion tube and umbilical cord into the patient. The reflected light is sent back to the processor for image visualization

These optical devices rely on the principle of total internal reflection, a phenomenon whereby light can be reflected continually along an optical fiber or rod lens. The image can then either be viewed directly or projected onto a camera and displayed on a screen (as is increasingly common). 

There are two major types of endoscope: rigid vs flexible

These are selected based on the area of interest. For example, if you wanted to examine the colon, bronchioles, oesophagus, or stomach then you would opt to use the flexible endoscope.

Flexible endoscopes are made up of moveable and easy-to-manipulate insertion tubes, containing one or more bundles of optical fibers.

Whereas fixed rigid endoscopes are better suited to procedures such as arthroscopy and laparoscopy, and comprise a steel sheath containing delicate rod lenses.

In either case, the insertion tube must be connected to an umbilical cord, which supplies light (it’s dark inside a patient, remember!), distilled water (for cleaning the lens), and in many cases the camera mount and other mechanisms.

In the case of flexible endoscopes, there will usually also be a handpiece on the end of the insertion tube that mounts the control wheels, for lateral and vertical flexion and extension of the scope. In many scopes, there is an instrument channel through which instruments can be passed such as surgical instruments, biopsy forceps, or grasping instruments.

The benefits:

There are many benefits of endoscopy in small animal procedures in particular which can enhance your clinical practice, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the requirements for referral to alternative or secondary providers.

Diagnostics:

Endoscopy is now a well-recognized diagnostic tool in the management of gastrointestinal disorders in dogs and cats (Rychlik and Kaczmar, 2020). Endoscopy and endoscopically guided biopsy have a high sensitivity to diagnosing mucosal disorders within the gastrointestinal tract.

Additionally, the endoscopic biopsy of the intestine is regarded as the gold standard in the diagnosis of IBD in dogs and cats in veterinary hospitals (Rychlik et al, 2007).

As well as gastrointestinal diseases being explored via endoscopy, the respiratory system can also be explored in this way too.

Rhinoscopy, bronchoscopy, and tracheostomy can all be performed to investigate pathology associated with these areas. Focusing on rhinoscopy, this technique allows direct visualization of the nasal mucosa, allowing samples to be obtained in a less traumatic way than direct surgery.

This is particularly relevant when nasal masses are present and require diagnosis (neoplasm or mycosis, for example)  or where tumors require staging with minimal destruction of the overlying bony structures. 

Minimally invasive surgery:

Whatever it is used for, endoscopy is always described as ‘minimally invasive.’ This is due to the small incision size and minimal exposure of the body cavity.

Consequently, because of the smaller surgical wounds with endoscopy compared to conventional surgical approaches, the healing process is quicker than with traditional surgical wounds.

Quicker healing times are of particular importance in dogs with working, competition or service duties, because of their rapid return to normal function. 

Many clinics are now offering laparoscopic (keyhole) ovariohysterectomies or ovariectomies as an alternative to the traditional ventral median celiotomy technique.

As stated above, this spay technique is not only less invasive but it has also been associated with fewer postoperative complications (William et al, 2009).

Post-operative pain scores in dogs were found to be significantly higher in cases using the traditional technique versus the laparoscopic technique (Devitt et al, 2005). Other surgeries which can now be performed via endoscopy include gastropexy, cryptorchidectomy, and abdominal organ biopsy. 

Foreign bodies:

Unfortunately, as we are all well aware, foreign bodies are common presentations in small animal practices. Whether endoscopy can be offered is dependent on the nature of the foreign body and its location within the gastrointestinal tract.

Endoscopy is currently the superior treatment of choice for the majority of gastric or oesophageal foreign bodies (Poggiani et al, 2020). Without the aid of endoscopy, in most circumstances, the alternative option is invasive surgery to physically remove the foreign object.

Endoscopy is greatly beneficial in the majority of these cases because it offers a less invasive and less costly option to the pet owner.

Additionally, endoscopy is associated with a much shorter hospitalization time which is beneficial for the patient. 

To summarise, endoscopy has many benefits in small animal Veterinary medicine.

Whether you’re already a pro at endoscopy or a budding novice endoscopist, the movement is happening, and it is becoming widely available within the veterinary field worldwide. 

Advancing Veterinary surgery: Exploring the benefits of endoscopes in small animal procedures

References

Devitt, C, M. Cox, R, E. Hailey, J, J. 2005. Duration, complications, stress and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. 227: 921- 927. 

Rychlik, A. Kaczmar, E. 2020. Endoscopic biopsies and histopathological findings in diagnosing chronic gastrointestinal disorders in dogs and cats. Vet Med Int. 9. Rychlik and Kaczmar

Rychlik, A. Nieradka, R. Kander, M. Depta, A. Nowicki, M. Sarti, K. 2007. Usefulness of endoscopic examination for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in the dog. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 10: 113-118. 

Poggiani, F, M. Duarte, R, P. Santana, M, S. Galera, P, D. 2020. Endoscopic removal of foreign body in upper gastrointestinal tract in dogs: Success rate and complications. Sci Vet. 48: 1735.

William, T, N, C. Mayhew, P, D. Brown, D, C. 2009. The effect of laparoscopic versus open ovariectomy on postsurgical activity in small dogs. Veterinary Surgeon. 38: 811-817. 

Veterinary Dental Care: Digital Radiology at the Forefront

Transforming Veterinary Dentistry with Digital Radiology

Dental disease is the most prevalent condition in dogs and cats presenting to small animal primary care veterinarians.

Periodontal disease is listed as the most common oral issue observed.

In recent years, digital radiology has revolutionized dental procedures in veterinary practice.

Accessing detailed images of what is lingering below the gingival surface at the click of a button can prove crucial in time-dependent clinical decision-making.

Digital dental radiology can vastly increase procedure efficiency, reduce serious complications, and improve the welfare of many veterinary patients. 

Dental radiographic equipment is considered essential in the U.S. veterinary hospital according to the WSAVA global dental guidelines.

However, to appreciate the importance of dental radiology, it is essential to understand its clinical application in treating different dental conditions.

This article explores the use of digital dental X-rays in practice through specific clinical examples and how this technology might benefit your team and your patients.

Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease occurs when subgingival plaque and bacteria cause inflammation of the soft tissue and alveolar bone supporting the tooth.

Common sequelae include oronasal fistulae, abscessation, osteomyelitis, pathological mandibular fractures, and ocular disease.

Evidence is also growing to support the notion that periodontal disease contributes to systemic conditions in some patients.

Periodontal disease is most easily identified in anesthetized patients and has been observed in 44-100% of dogs as young as the age of two years in various studies.

The condition is identified by probing for periodontal pockets around each tooth. However, for teeth with a tight interproximal space (e.g., molars), pathological pockets cannot be reached with a probe and will only be detected via dental radiographs.

Without radiology, several teeth affected by periodontal disease could be missed entirely, with serious consequences for that patient.

Additionally, dental X-rays must be performed in small-breed and toy-breed dogs.

Their mandibular molars occupy a larger area of the jaw than other breeds and severe periodontal disease can cause areas of bone lysis that dramatically weaken the mandible, causing pathological fractures in some cases.

Dental extractions without radiographs risk iatrogenic mandibular fractures in these dogs and cats.

Feline resorptive lesions

Dental radiology is integral to determining the appropriate treatment in cases of TR or tooth resorption.

Where roots are retained without evidence of replacement resorption (dentoalveolar ankylosis), the roots remain painful, and there is a risk of an endodontic infection developing.

However, where a dental X-ray identifies roots that are completely resorbed and replaced by bone, infection is unlikely to occur, and extraction is not recommended.

In these cases, crown amputation is an acceptable treatment. For those feline patients with resorptive lesions where some evidence of the root and periodontal ligament remains, or signs of infection or stomatitis, coronectomy is unsuitable, and surgical extraction may be necessary. 

Without dental radiographs, it is impossible to determine the condition of the tooth root and the appropriate course of action.

Performing coronectomy inappropriately can lead to extensive oral pain, root infections, and the requirement for revision dentistry.

In addition, identifying the best approach for extracting affected teeth can save considerable time during a dental procedure and avoid the need for salvage procedures. 

PDT or persistent deciduous tooth

Deciduous teeth that fail to exfoliate can lead to overcrowding, malpositioning of permanent adult teeth, and increased plaque build-up, with all the consequences that this entails.

In addition, fractures and pulp exposure of deciduous teeth can cause endodontic disease and osteomyelitis, damaging the adjacent adult teeth in the process. Retained deciduous teeth, similar to FT, should be assessed for root resorption before extraction.

In many cases, where the root is partly resorbed, a surgical extraction approach is required. Non-surgical extraction without radiography risks tooth fracture and retained roots, leading to painful endodontic infections.

Where the root is entirely ankylosed, the clinician can be confident in their decision to amputate the crown, saving them time and stress and eliminating any unnecessary trauma to the patient.

Tooth trauma

Crown fractures with Dentin exposure can be painful and lead to root infections in the same way that pulp exposure can.

But, due to the subtle presentation, clients often chose to ignore these innocuous injuries.

In these cases, dental radiographs can assess the deeper structures for signs of inflammation and infection and demonstrate to the client when further action is warranted. Interventions include root canal therapy or tooth extraction.

However, when the tooth is viable, the exposed dentine can be sealed, and regular dental radiology can be used to monitor for future issues.

Similarly, where teeth are worn down due to excessive chewing, the viability of each tooth can only be assessed through dental radiology.

Other dental anomalies

The application of dental radiology is extensive.

Other uses include the assessment of ‘missing teeth’ for retained roots or unerupted teeth, dentigerous cysts, oral tumors (where CT is not available as a first-line assessment), and in cases of persistent oral pain. 

In addition, digital dental radiology can be useful in cases of dental trauma where advanced imaging is not available.

Conclusion

Visual dental assessment is no longer acceptable to assess the extent of dental disease a patient is suffering.

And in many veterinary clinics, it is hard to imagine the future of veterinary dental care without digital radiology.

The WSAVA advises that dental radiographs are essential before and after all dental extraction procedures, allowing rapid assessment of whether tooth extraction is required, the most suitable technique, and the potential risks the clinician might face.

Through dental radiology, complications are reduced, vets work more efficiently, reasons for clinical decisions are evidenced, and the outcome of a procedure is visually documented.

But, most importantly, patient welfare is prioritized in therapeutic planning, and dental radiology is a huge step forward in reducing life-long dental disease and oral pain in veterinary patients.

References:

Fulton, A.J., Fiani, N., Verstraete, F.J. (2014). Canine pediatric dentistry. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 44(2), 303-24

Gorrel, C. (2015). Tooth resorption in cats: pathophysiology and treatment options. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 17(1), 37-43

Lund, E.M., Armstrong, P.J., Kirk, C.A. (1999). Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 214(9), 1336-41

Niemiec, B., Gawor, J., Nemec, A., et al. (2020). World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Dental Guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 61(7), E36-E161

O'Neill, D.G., James, H., Brodbelt, D.C., et al. (2021). Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care: results and applications. BMC Veterinary Research 17(1), 69

Wallis, C., Holcombe, L.J. (2020). A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 61(9), 529-540

www.rvc.ac.uk/vetcompass/news/the-cat-s-out-the-bag-the-most-common-diseases-in-pet-cats-revealed

Revolutionizing Veterinary Care: Digital Dental Radiology

Exploring the Impact of Digital Dental Radiology in Veterinary Care

Since the discovery of X-rays over a hundred years ago, radiography has proved an invaluable tool in both the human and veterinary medical fields.

But it wasn’t until the mid-1980s that the technology made such a huge leap forward, that it turned the whole discipline upside down.

This is when digital radiography came along. 

Up until this point, the process of obtaining radiographs was time-consuming, laborious, and at times, messy and potentially dangerous.

By using X-ray film and manually developing each image, practitioners were able to obtain an image, but if the alignment was wrong, or the settings were incorrect, they had no option but to repeat the whole process again.

With digital radiography, the image obtained can be instantly adjusted and manipulated to aid diagnosis and then stored digitally, allowing rapid recall of previous studies and saving vast amounts of physical space. 

Where digital radiography has really come into its own though, is in the field of dentistry. 

Veterinary dentistry has undergone a similar transformation in recent decades

Our understanding of the intricacies of how to provide a high-quality service has improved drastically, all aided by being able to look ‘under the surface’. When teaching dentistry, emphasis is placed on the areas below the gum line as often being the source of dental problems.

Therefore, it should be the required focus of treatment, much more so than the visible crown. We are now able to complement this knowledge with the ease and detail that digital dental radiology allows in order to provide a first-class, thorough treatment process for all our patients. 

Teeth are regularly likened to icebergs 

What you can see is only a small portion of the whole - and with teeth, it’s what is below the gum line that we need to focus on.

What we see on the crowns of the teeth, such as tartar or discoloration, and what we see on the gums, such as recession or gingivitis, are just markers for the damage we cannot see.

As with most things in veterinary medicine, it is always best to treat the source of a problem, rather than just manage the symptoms. 

Scaling the tartar off the visible surface will give a good cosmetic appearance, but the bacteria and plaque – the origin of the tartar – will be in the gingival sulcus. If this isn’t cleaned as well, the problem can spread down into the periodontal space and tooth root.

The only way to thoroughly evaluate this area is to use radiography. 

More complex pathologies really benefit from radiographic examination

Digital dental radiography can also bring huge advantages to the treatment of one of the most common, yet frustrating, aspects of feline dentistry – the feline resorptive lesion.

By utilizing dental radiographs, we can determine if the lesion is a type one or type two and therefore which of the two diametrically opposite treatment options – full extraction or crown amputation – is appropriate.

If radiography shows that only a crown amputation is needed, we have saved not only time and stress for the surgeon but also prevented unnecessary pain and trauma for the animal which would have occurred had the option chosen been to attempt full extraction.

Without the radiography, we only have half a diagnosis, and the treatment option chosen would be a ‘best guess’. 

Imagine working like this in any other aspect of veterinary medicine!

Other things that can only be detected by radiography include:

• bone loss

• supernumerary teeth (especially if non- or incompletely erupted)

• supernumerary roots

• abnormally shaped roots

• periapical disease

• pulp diameter

It’s clear to see how the use of radiography in veterinary dentistry can yield huge benefits. And using digital dental radiography maximizes these benefits and brings its own. 

With practice, a full-mouth series of digital radiographs can take a matter of minutes

This speed means that anesthetic time can be drastically reduced – a huge advantage, especially in fragile patients. 

From an operator's point of view, digital radiography can provide vastly superior image quality and the ability to enhance certain features and correct radiographic faults.

This will all lead to improved diagnostic ability and treatment of patients.

The images can also be easily shared between practitioners and even sent to imaging specialists without the need to transfer the patient.

A key benefit that is also often overlooked is that digital imaging requires up to 80% less radiation to produce an image than traditional film radiography.

The big advantage in today’s market is a digital system is very reasonable in price.

The integration of digital dental radiography can revolutionize a veterinary practice. 

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References:

1. Lommer MJ, Vertraete FJ. Prevalence of odontoclastic resorption lesions and periapical radiographic lucencies in cats: 265 cases (1995-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217(12):1866-1869.

2. Heney CM, Arzi B, Kass PH, Hatcher DC, Verstraete FJM. The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats. Front Vet Sci. 2019 Feb 21;6:42. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00042. PMID: 30847347; PMCID: PMC6393352. 

3. Mupparapu M. Digital dental radiography - a review of the solid-state and semi-direct digital detector. Orofac J Sci2011;3(1):40